| Pipe the output of a
command to be processed by another command.
Usage: command1 |command2
Eg: ls -l | more
more file-name | grep pattern
more filename | wc
>
Redirect
output........ to file (overwrite ).
Usage: command > filename
Eg: wc filename > new-file
>> Append (the result of the
command) to the end of the file.
Usage: command >> file-name
Eg: pwd >> existing-file
< Take the input for the
command from a file.
Usage: command1 <
filename.
& Run process in the
backgound so that the shell remains active.
Usage: program-name &
program-name filename &
; Separate commands on the
same line.
Usage: command1 ; command2
Eg: pwd ; ls
* Match a string of zero or
more characters.
Eg: cp * copy all files
cd publ* go to any directory that begins with publ
cd *tory go to any directory which ends with tory
cp *.* copy all files that contain a dot
? Match a single character.
Eg: grep d?n filename display all lines that contain
dan, don, din, dgn, ect.
[
] Match any of the enclosed
characters.
Eg: grep [abc] filename
grep [a-z] filemane Hyphen is used to specify a range.
$var Anything thats starts with
a $ is a variable.
# Begin comments (used in the
Cshell script files).
~ Home directory symbol.
Eg: cd ~ go to home directory of the current user.
cd ~rob go tot home directory of user rob.
$home Home directory .
! The history commands.
!! Redo last command.
!str Redo the last command that
starts with str.
!23
Redo
the 23rd command.
!-2 Redo the (last command -2)
^ Quick modifier for the last
command.
Usage:
^mistake^correction.
&& The logical and symbol :
execute first command then if successful, the second command.
Usage: <command1>
&& <command2>
|| The OR symbol : executes
the first command or, if it fails, the second command.
Usage: <command1>
|| <command2>
./ Runs a compiled program.
Usage: ./ program-name
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