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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

A computer is an electronic device capable of manipulating numbers and symbols under the control of a set of instructions known as computer program. They are different stages of computers (generation)

1. First Generation Computers

a. Vacuum tubes were used which produce more heat

b. Speed of computing was measured in milliseconds

c. Limited storage capacity

d. punched cards were used for I/O operation

2. Second – Generation Computers

a. Transistors and diodes were used.

b. Speed of computing was measured in microseconds

c. Consider about reduction of heat

d. Remarkable improvement in reliability

e. Storage capacity was increased

f. Magnetic tapes were used instead of punching cards.

3. Third Generation Computers

a. Integrated Circuits were used.

b. Speed is measured in nanoseconds

c. Occupied less space.

d. devices like visual display unit for I/O devices

4. Fourth – Generation Computers

a. Use of micro processor chip

b. Speed was measured in nano and picoseconds

c. Occupied less space

d. Commonly available as personal computers

e. Mini & micro Computers are developed from micro-processor

5. Fifth – Generation Computers:

a. Use of super large-scale integration (SLSI) chip in computer (super computers)

b. Capable of performing millions of instructions per seconds (MIPS)

c. Processing speed is high.

d. Use of RICS (reduced instructions set computing) for processing

e. Super computers are expensive.

Types of Computers

1. Mainframe Computers

2. Mini Computers

3. Micro Computers

4. Super Computers

Mainframe Computers work at a high speed, and have a high storage capacity Mini Computers are medium and powerful Computers. Micro Computer are the commonly used as general purpose Computer.

Data Storage in a Computer

1. 4bits = 1 Nibble

2. 8bits = 1 byte

3. 1024 bytes = 1k or 1kb (kilobyte)

4. 1024KB = 1MB (mega byte)

5. 1024MB = 1GB (Gega byte)

6. 1024GB = 1TBC Terabytes

Organization of Computer:

1. Arithmetic and Logical unit

2. Memory unit

3. Control unit

4. Input unit

5. Output unit

The Input and Output units are used to receive and display Inputs & Solutions Common i/p & o/p devices : Keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer .

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) Consists of.

1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

2. CU (Control Unit)

3. MU (Memory Unit)

1. The Control Unit Controls all the activities of the Computer. It sends commands and control signals and finds the sequence of instruction to be executed.

2. Memory Unit is the place where all input data and results are stored. Computer memory is also available in the form of Random Access Memory (RAM)

3. ALU Consists of CKTs for arithmetic operations(+,-,*,/) and logical operations (<,>,>=,<=,==,!=)

Connected components of CPU are called peripherals

Input devices Output devices

1. Keyboard 1. Printer

2. Mouse 2. Monitor

3. Joystic 3. Dot Matrix Printer
4. Laser printer
5.LCD

Storage Devices :

1. Floppy disk

2. Hard disk

3. Compact disk

Computer Main Memory : Primary memory RAM (Random Access memory) Secondary memory ROM (Read only memory) Hard disk RAM : It is a temporary storage medium in a computer. The data to be processed by the computer are transferred from a storage devices or a keyboard to RAM results from a executed program are also stored in RAM. The data stored will be erased when the computer is off. ROM (Read only Memory) : This is a non-volatile or data storage medium which stores start up programs (operating systems). This essentially stores the BIOS (Basic Input Operating System) Note : Basically Computer System components communicate it binaries as (0‟s & 1‟s, 0 refers OFF state,1 refer ON state)

Languages of different Generation Computer.

1. First – Generation Language : All the instructions are in the binary form and are referred to as machine level or low level language (LLL). It is very difficult to read the instructions written in binary

Eg : 00110101011101110001, 101100001010101

2. Second – Generation Language: all the instruction are in the forms of mnemonics. The symbolic instruction language called as Assembly Language. All the symbolic instructions are converted into binaries with the help of translator called Assembles.

ASCII (American Standard Code For Information Interchange) is commonly used for translation of source Program into object program

Source Program Eg : ADD A, B, R,

More R,S

Assembler Translated by Assemble

Object Program 0101 101010100100 00001101

3. Third – Generation Language: These are written in English with symbols and digits. Then are known as High level language (HLL). common high level languages are c,c++, COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, etc.

For execution the program is translation into binary form by compiler or interpreter.

4. Fourth – Generation Language (4GL‟s): is a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software. In the history of computer science, the 4GL followed the 3GL in an upward trend toward higher abstraction and statement power. The 4GL was followed by efforts to define and use a 5GL.

Seven Wonder's in Modern Era

Great Wall of China

This newly elected world wonder was built along China's northern border over many centuries to keep out invading Mongol tribes. Constructed between the fifth century B.C. and the 16th century, the Great Wall is the world's longest human-made structure, stretching some 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers). The best known section was built around 200 B.C. by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang Di.

Petra, Jordan

Perched on the edge of the Arabian Desert, Petra was the capital of the Nabataean kingdom of King Aretas IV (9 B.C. to A.D. 40). Petra is famous for its many stone structures such as a 138-foot-tall (42-meter-tall) temple carved with classical facades into rose-colored rock. The ancient city also included tunnels, water chambers, and an amphitheater, which held 4,000 people. The desert site wasn't known to the West until Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt came across it in 1812.

Christ the Redeemer

The 105-foot-tall (38-meter-tall) 'Christ the Redeemer' statue in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was among the "new seven wonders of the world" announced July 7, 2007 following a global poll to decide a new list of human-made marvels. The winners were voted for by Internet and phone, American Idol style. The other six new wonders are the Colosseum in Rome, India's Taj Mahal, the Great Wall of China, Jordan's ancient city of Petra, the Inca ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru, and the ancient Maya city of Chichen Itza in Mexico.

Machu Picchu, Peru

One of three successful candidates from Latin America, Machu Picchu is a 15^th century mountain settlement in the Amazon region of Peru. The ruined city is among the best known remnants of the Inca civilization, which flourished in the Andes region of western South America. The city is thought to have been abandoned following an outbreak of deadly smallpox, a disease introduced in the 1500s by invading Spanish forces.

Chichen Itza, Mexico

Chichen Itza is possibly the most famous temple city of the Mayas, a pre-Columbian civilization that lived in present day Central America. It was the political and religious center of Maya civilization during the period from A.D. 750 to 1200. At the city's heart lies the Temple of Kukulkan (pictured)-which rises to a height of 79 feet (24 meters). Each of its four sides has 91 steps-one step for each day of the year, with the 365th day represented by the platform on the top.

The Colosseum, Rome, Italy

The only finalist from Europe to make it into the top seven—the Colosseum in Rome, Italy-once held up to 50,000 spectators who came to watch gory games involving gladiators, wild animals, and prisoners. Construction began around A.D. 70 under Emperor Vespasian. Modern sports stadiums still resemble the Colosseum's famous design

Taj Mahal, India

The Taj Mahal, in Agra, India, is the spectacular mausoleum built by Muslim Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to honor the memory of his beloved late wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Construction began in 1632 and took about 15 years to complete. The opulent, domed mausoleum, which stands in formal walled gardens, is generally regarded as finest example of Mughal art and architecture. It includes four minarets, each more than 13 stories tall. Shah Jahan was deposed and put under house arrest by one of his sons soon after the Taj Mahal's completion. It's said that he spent the rest of his days gazing at the Taj Mahal from a window.

Important Days - National and International

Important Days in January
Jan 1	Army Medical Corps Establishment Day
Jan 8	African National Congress Foundation Day
Jan 10	World Laughter Day
Jan 9	Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
Jan 11	Death anniversary of Lal Bahadur Shastri
Jan 12	National youth Day (Birth Day of Swami Vivekanand)
Jan 15	Army Day
Jan 23	Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's birth anniversary
Jan 25	International Customs Duty Day, India Tourism Day, Indian Voter Day
Jan 26	Republic Day
Jan 28	Birth anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai
Jan 30	(Martyr's day) Mahatma Gandhi's Martyrdom Day; World Leprosy Eradication Day
Jan 31	World Leprosy Eradication Day
Inportant Days in February
Feb 2	World Wetlands Day
Feb 4	National Day of Srilanka
Feb 5	Kashmir Day (Organised by Pakistan)
Feb 13	Sarojini Naidu's Birth Anniversary
Feb 14	St. Valentine's Day
Feb 24	Central Exise Day
Feb 28	National Science Day
Important Days in March
Mar 3	National Defence Day
Mar 4	National Security Day
Mar 8	International Women's Day
Mar 9	CISF Raising Day
Mar 12	Mauritius Day; Central Industrial Security Force Day
Mar 15	World Consumer Day
Mar 16	National Vaccination Day
Mar 21	World Forestry Day
Mar 22	World Day of Water
Mar 23	World Meterological Day
Mar 24	World TB Day
Mar 26	Bangaladesh Liberation Day
Important Days in April
April 1	Orissa Day
April 5	Natinal Meritime Day
April 7	World Health Day
April 13	Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre Day (1919)
April 14	B.R. Ambedkar Remembrance Day
April 18	World Heritage Day
April 22	World Earth Day
April 23	World Books Day
Important Days in May
May 1	International Labour Day, Maharashtra Day
May 3	International Energy Day
May 8	International Red Cross Day (It is celebraed to commemorate the birth anniversary of the founder of the Red Cross Organization Jean Henry Dunant)
May 11	National Technology Day
May 15	International Family Day
May 17	World Telecom Day
May 24	Commonwealth Day
May 31	World No Tobacco Day
Important Days in June
June 5	World Environment Day
Important Days in July
July 1	Doctor's Day
July 4	American Independence Day
July 11	World Population Day
July 26	Kargil Victory Day
Important Days in August
Aug 6	Hiroshima Day
Aug 9	Quit India Movement Day
Aug 12	International youth Day
Aug 14	Pakistan's Independence Day
Aug 15	India's Independence Day
Aug 19	World Photography Day
Aug 20	Sadbhavana Diwas
Aug 29	National Sports Day of India (Dhyanchand's Birth Day)
Aug 30	Small Industry Day
Important Days in September
Sept 5	Teacher's Day (Dr. Radhakrishnan's Birth Day)
Sept 7	Forgiveness Day
Sept 8	International Literacy Day
Sept 14	Hindi day,World First Aid Day
Sept 15	International Day of Democracy
Sept 16	World Ozone Day
Sept 21	International Day of Peace, World Alzheimer's day
Sept 25	Social Justice Day
Sept 27	World Tourism Day
Important Days in October
Oct 1	International Day for the Elderly(UN)
Oct 2	Gandhi Jayanti, International Day of Non-Violence
Oct 3	World Nature Day, World Habitat Day
Oct 4	World Animal Day
Oct 5	World Teacher's Day
Oct 6	World Wildlife Day, World Food Security Day
Oct 8	Indian Airforce day
Oct 9	World Postal Day
Oct10	World Mental Health day; National Post Day
Oct 12	World Sight day
Oct 13	World Calamty Control Day(UN)
Oct 14	World Standard Day
Oct 15	World White cane day(guiding the blind)
Oct 17	International poverty
Oct 20	National Solidarity Day (China attacked India on that day)
Oct 24	United Nations Day
Oct 30	World Thrift Day
Oct 31	National Integration Day (In memory of Idira Gandhi)
Important Days in November
Nov 7	Infant Protection day; World Cancer Awareness Day
Nov 9	Legal Service Day
Nov10	Transport Day
Nov 14	Children's day/ World Diabetics day
Nov 17	Guru Nanak Dev's Birth Anniverrsary
Nov 26	Law Day
Nov 30	Flag Day
Important Days in December
Dec1	World AIDS Day
Dec 3	World Disability Day
Dec 4	Navy Day
Dec 7	Armed Force Flag Day
Dec 10	Human Rights day
Dec 11	UNICEF Day
Dec 14	National Energy Conservation Day
Dec 19	Goa's Liberation day
Dec 23	Kisan Divas (Farmer's Day)

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